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Global COVID-19 vaccine summary: Side effects | @mnt
Allergic reactions and anaphylaxis
Rarely, a person experiences an allergic reaction to one or more of the ingredients in a vaccine. They might develop hives or another type of skin rash, swelling, and respiratory symptoms.
A severe allergic reaction can lead to anaphylaxis, and it involves low blood pressure, nausea, and difficulty breathing, among other symptoms.
Anaphylaxis is an extremely rare side effect of vaccination. According to the CDC, around 2-5 people per million, or fewer than 0.001% of people vaccinated in the U.S. have experienced anaphylaxis afterward.
Allergic reactions to mRNA vaccines have been of particular concern, as they contain a chemical, called polyethylene glycol (PEG), that has never been used in an approved vaccine before. PEG is in many drugs that have occasionally triggered anaphylaxis. In these vaccines, it coats the mRNA molecule and supports penetration into cells.
There are similar concerns about the Janssen vaccine, which contains polysorbate 80, a chemical that is structurally related to PEG.
A study of data about allergic reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines noted that most people who experienced anaphylaxis afterward had a history of allergies and this particular severe reaction.
The data suggest that there is a very low risk of anaphylaxis as a result of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Regardless, the CDC recommends that vaccine administrators conduct prescreening for specific allergic reactions. These vaccines are safe for people with common allergies, such as to foods, pets, environmental elements, latex, and oral medications.
The CDC also recommends that anyone who has had an allergic reaction to one dose of a vaccine not receive a second dose of the same type of vaccine.
Frequency of side effects in women
Side effects appear to be more commonly reported in women than men. A study by CDC researchers shows that 78.7% of adverse event reports submitted during the first month of U.S. vaccination involved women.
Another study observed that females represented 15 out of 16 people with anaphylaxis after a vaccine.
These findings are in line with a 2013 study on the H1N1 vaccine during the 2009 flu pandemic, which found higher rates of hypersensitivity reactions among females of childbearing age than other groups in the study population.
Reproductive hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, may play a role in this sex discrepancy. A study in mice suggests that estrogen causes the body to generate more antibodies, leading to a higher immune response.
Potential side effects per vaccine
Recently, there have been new concerns about serious side effects of COVID-19 vaccines.
These effects may be coincidental, and there is currently not enough conclusive evidence to link these effects to specific vaccines. However, regulatory agencies are taking precautionary measures to investigate these safety concerns.
Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna
The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are both two-dose mRNA vaccines. People have reported similar, common side effects after the second doses of each.
These COVID-19 vaccines are the first vaccines approved for use in humans that incorporate mRNA technology. As a result, there are concerns about the long-term effects and a risk of altering the body’s genetic information.
People may be unaware that researchers have spent many years studying the potential of mRNA vaccine technology. There have been efforts to develop mRNA vaccines in the past, including Moderna’s human-based trial of an mRNA Zika virus vaccine.
Furthermore, it is unlikely that an mRNA vaccine can alter genetic information. The mRNA in a vaccine does not enter the nucleus of a cell, where DNA is stored, and it degrades rather quickly in the body after it serves its purpose.
Yet many were alarmed by reports from Norway that 23 people had died shortly after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. However, there is no evidence that these deaths were a direct result of the vaccine.
“There is a possibility that these common adverse reactions – that are not dangerous in fitter, younger patients and are not unusual with vaccines -may aggravate underlying disease in the elderly,” suggests Dr. Steinar Madsen, the medical director of the Norwegian Medicines Agency.
“We are now asking for doctors to continue with the vaccination, but to carry out extra evaluation of very sick people whose underlying condition might be aggravated by it,” he adds.
Another death, which occurred in the U.S., was associated with having a low blood platelet count, or thrombocytopenia. So far, 20 thrombocytopenia cases have developed following either a Pfizer or Moderna vaccination. Currently, however, no causal evidence links these cases with the vaccines.
Other concerns involve pregnancy and fertility. According to a February 2021 statement from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine:
“While fertility was not specifically studied in the clinical trials of the vaccine, no loss of fertility has been reported among trial participants or among the millions who have received the vaccines since their authorization, and no signs of infertility appeared in animal studies. Loss of fertility is scientifically unlikely.”…
In the patient fact sheets, the FDA states that, for people who experienced myocarditis or pericarditis after their vaccine, “symptoms began within a few days following receipt of the second dose” of an mRNA vaccine.
However, the federal agency also adds …
COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects | @GovCanHealth
Allergic reactions
There’s a small chance of a serious allergic reaction to a vaccine, called anaphylaxis. It usually happens shortly after a person receives the vaccine and is treatable.
Your health care provider will ask you to stay at the clinic for at least 15 minutes after vaccination. This is so they can watch for abnormal or very rare reactions (like anaphylaxis) and treat them quickly. Vaccination sites should have a supply of epinephrine to use in case you have an allergic reaction.
Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis may include:
・itchy rash
・swelling of the: lips, face, airway, tongue
・increased heart rate
・loss of consciousness
・sudden low blood pressure
・abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea
・sneezing, coughing and difficulty breathing
…
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine: What you should know | @GovCanHealth
Ingredients
Medicinal ingredient
・mRNA
Non-medicinal ingredients
・ALC-0315 = ((4-hydroxybutyl)azanediyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl)bis(2-hexyldecanoate)
・ALC-0159 = 2-[(polyethylene glycol)-2000]-N,N-ditetradecylacetamide
・1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
・cholesterol
・dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate
・monobasic potassium phosphate
・potassium chloride
・sodium chloride
・sucrose
・water for injection
…
How it works
mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein that will trigger an immune response without using the live virus that causes COVID-19. Once triggered, our body then makes antibodies. These antibodies help us fight the infection if the real virus does enter our body in the future.
‘RNA’ stands for ribonucleic acid, which is a molecule that provides cells with instructions for making proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines contain the genetic instructions for making the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which is found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19.
When a person is given the vaccine, their cells will read the genetic instructions like a recipe and produce the spike protein. After the protein piece is made, the cell breaks down the instructions and gets rid of them.
The cell then displays the protein piece on its surface. Our immune system recognizes that the protein doesn’t belong there and begins building an immune response and making antibodies.
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine: What you should know | @GovCanHealth
Ingredients
Medicinal ingredient
・mRNA
Non-medicinal ingredients
・1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC)
・acetic acid
・cholesterol
・lipid SM-102
・polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2000 DMG
・sodium acetate
・sucrose
・tromethamine
・tromethamine hydrochloride
・water for injection
How it works
mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein that will trigger an immune response without using the live virus that causes COVID-19. Once triggered, our body then makes antibodies. These antibodies help us fight the infection if the real virus does enter our body in the future.
‘RNA’ stands for ribonucleic acid, which is a molecule that provides cells with instructions for making proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines contain the genetic instructions for making the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which is found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19.
When a person is given the vaccine, their cells will read the genetic instructions like a recipe and produce the spike protein. After the protein piece is made, the cell breaks down the instructions and gets rid of them.
The cell then displays the protein piece on its surface. Our immune system recognizes that the protein doesn’t belong there and begins building an immune response and making antibodies.
COVID-19 Vaccination Aftercare (PDF) | @CDCofBC
Is the COVID-19 Vaccine Safe? | @HopkinsMedicine
COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts | @MayoClinic
What COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized and how do they work?
… Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use messenger RNA (mRNA). Coronaviruses have a spikelike structure on their surface called an S protein. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines give cells instructions for how to make a harmless piece of an S protein. After vaccination, your cells begin making the protein pieces and displaying them on cell surfaces. Your immune system will recognize that the protein doesn’t belong there and begin building an immune response and making antibodies.
The Janssen/Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine is a vector vaccine. In this type of vaccine, genetic material from the COVID-19 virus is inserted into a different kind of weakened live virus, such as an adenovirus. When the weakened virus (viral vector) gets into your cells, it delivers genetic material from the COVID-19 virus that gives your cells instructions to make copies of the S protein. Once your cells display the S proteins on their surfaces, your immune system responds by creating antibodies and defensive white blood cells. If you become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus.
Viral vector vaccines can’t cause you to become infected with the COVID-19 virus or the viral vector virus. Also, the genetic material that’s delivered doesn’t become part of your DNA.
What are the possible general side effects of a COVID-19 vaccine?
A COVID-19 vaccine can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including:
・Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given
・Fever
・Fatigue
・Headache
・Muscle pain
・Chills
・Joint pain
・Nausea and vomiting
・Feeling unwell
・Swollen lymph nodes
You’ll likely be monitored for 15 minutes after getting a COVID-19 vaccine to see if you have an immediate reaction. Most side effects go away in a few days. Side effects after the second dose might be more intense. Some people have no side effects.
A COVID-19 vaccine may cause side effects similar to signs and symptoms of COVID-19. If you’ve been exposed to COVID-19 and you develop symptoms more than three days after getting vaccinated or the symptoms last more than two days, self-isolate and get tested.
What are the signs of an allergic reaction to a COVID-19 vaccine?
You might be having an allergic reaction to a COVID-19 vaccine if you experience these signs within four hours of getting vaccinated:
・Hives
・Swelling of the lips, eyes or tongue
・Wheezing
If you have any signs of an allergic reaction, get help right away. Tell your doctor about your reaction, even if it went away on its own or you didn’t get emergency care. This reaction might mean you are allergic to the vaccine. You might not be able to get a second dose of the same vaccine. However, you might be able to get a different vaccine for your second dose.
COVID-19: Vaccine side effects and reactions | @minhealthnz
Possible Side Effects After Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine | @CDCgov
Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines side effects and safety | @NHS
Package leaflet: Information for the recipient – COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 concentrate for solution for injection (PDF) | @BioNTech,@Pfizer GOV.UK
COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects Symptom Checker | @healthdirectAU
COVID-19 SIDE-EFFECTS | @nicd_sa
Here’s what we know about the risks of serious side effects from COVID-19 vaccines (06/01/2021) | @ScienceNews
COVID-19 vaccine side effects: What’s normal and what to look out for (06/30/2021) | @CNET
Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines | @WHO
COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects | @yalehealth
Side-effects | @rivm
